Psychological distress among Brazilian workers during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic: a descriptive study.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic imposed drastic and abrupt changes to working environment and organization and that might have caused additional negative effects on mental health. Thus, this study aimed to quantify and assess the severity of psychological distress experienced by Brazilian essential and nonessential workers during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This descriptive study included 2,903 participants who answered an online questionnaire between April and May 2020. The research questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted to the Brazilian population from a questionnaire developed and validated for the Spanish population. Variables were analyzed using simple and cumulative percentage distributions and measures of central tendency and dispersion. The Wilson score interval was used to calculate confidence interval (CI) for the main outcome, psychological distress. Results: It was observed a high prevalence (72.6%) of psychological distress among the study's participants. They also presented a median risk perception score of 60 (out of a maximum of 90), and their greatest concern was transmitting the virus to family members, close contacts or patients. Furthermore, it was found a lower sense of coherence and work engagement among the participants than those observed in previous studies conducted in other countries. Conclusion: Almost three quarters of the study's participants were classified as presenting psychological distress. Thus, it is imperative to provide mental health remotely delivered interventions to workers during public health events that require prolonged social distancing measures.

Programa de Controle do Tabaco: fatores associados ao risco de abandono do tratamento / obacco control program: factors associated with treatment dropout

No Brasil, a prevalência de tabagismo ainda é elevada em pessoas portadoras de Condições Crônicas não Transmissíveis (CCNT). A compreensão dos modelos de atenção ao tabagista é essencial para se reduzir o abandono do tratamento. Objetivos: identificar as características sociodemográficas e de saúde dos indivíduos que buscaram o Programa Nacional de Controle do Tabaco (PNCT) em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do município de Campinas, estimar o percentual de abandono do tratamento e elencar os fatores associados a esse desfecho. Metodologia: coorte histórico cujos dados foram obtidos, entre 2016 e 2019, em grupos de tratamento do PNCT. Para a realização da análise exploratória, a pesquisa incluiu 276 participantes, dos quais foram registradas suas variáveis sociodemográficas, condições de saúde, formas de uso do tabaco e participação no programa. Foram estimados o índice de abandono do tratamento e as possíveis relações com as variáveis significativas através de regressão múltipla. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 50,7 anos, com 60% do sexo feminino, 57,7% brancos, 52,2% com companheiro, 84,7% com filhos, 52,5% com ensino fundamental, 64% com renda entre um e dois salários, 40,1% trabalhando em setor de serviços e 58% católicos. O percentual de abandono do tratamento foi de 31%. A hipertensão se relacionou com o abandono do tratamento (p=0,030), reduzindo-o. Conclusão: o perfil dos indivíduos foi semelhante ao encontrado em outras pesquisas; indivíduos não hipertensos apresentaram maioríndice de abandono. São necessários outros estudos que avaliem fatores associados ao abandono do tratamento

In Brazil, there is still a high prevalence of smoking among people with chronic diseases. The understanding of smoking treatments is essential to a reduction in treatment dropout. Objectives: to identify epidemiological and health aspects of smokers, estimate the dropout rates, and list the factorsassociated with treatment dropouts. Data from PNCT (National Program of Tobacco Control) treatment groups was obtained from a historical cohort between 2016 and 2019. The research included 276 participants with different sociodemographic realities, healthconditions, forms of tobacco use, and participation in the program to conduct an exploratory analysis. The treatment dropout rate and possible relations with significant variables were estimated through multiple regression. Results: The mean age was 50.7 years; 60% female; 57.7% white; 52.2% with a partner; 84.7% with children; 52.5% studied until elementary school; 64% received between one and two salaries; 40.1% worked in the service sector; 58% were Catholic. The percentage of treatment dropouts was 31%. Hypertension was related to treatment dropout (p = 0.030), reducing it. Conclusion: The profiles of individuals were similar to those in other surveys. Non-hypertensive individuals had a higher dropout rate. Further studies are needed to assess the factors associated with treatment dropout.

Proportion of ALGBT adult Brazilians, sociodemographic characteristics, and self-reported violence.

Asexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans (ALGBT) individuals face worse life conditions and violence rates than their heterosexual cisgender counterparts. Brazil is often highlighted for having one of the highest rates of hate-related homicides against ALGBTs in the world. However, to date, Brazil's ALGBT population has not been investigated with a representative sample, and basic information such as population size or sociodemographic characteristics are mostly based in non-systematic data. We aimed to assess the proportion of asexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and non-binary adults in Brazil, their sociodemographic characteristics, and self-reported violence rates. In 2018, a sample (n = 6000) of the Brazilian adult population answered a face-to-face survey assessing sociodemographic characteristics, gender identity, sexual orientation, and self-reported psychological, physical, verbal, and sexual violence. Among Brazilian adults, 12.04% are ALGBT: 5.76% asexual, 0.93% lesbian, 1.37% gay, 2.12% bisexual, 0.68 trans, and 1.18% non-binary. Compared to heterosexual cisgender men, most ALGBT individuals have worse socioeconomic indicators and higher rates of self-reported psychological and verbal violence. All ALGBT groups and heterosexual cisgender women reported sexual violence more often than heterosexual cisgender men. It was reported between 4 up to 25 times more often by heterosexual cisgender women and trans individuals, respectively. The rates of the other ALGBT groups sit among the two. Our findings provide evidence of the important size of the ALGBT Brazilian population, as well as their socioeconomic vulnerability, and concerning violence levels experienced by the group. Policy makers may refer to the present article in order to mitigate this population's vulnerability and to better understand its sociodemographic characteristics.

Impact of the Dry Law on road traffic mortality in Brazilian states: an interrupted time series analysis. / Impacto da Lei Seca sobre a mortalidade no trânsito nas unidades federativas do Brasil: uma análise de série temporal interrompida.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of 2008 Public Law number 11,705, also known as Dry Law (DL-08), on mortality from road traffic accidents (RTA), in each of the 27 Brazilian Federative Units (BFUs). METHODS: Ecological study of interrupted time series with RTA data from 2002 to 2015, totalizing 168 months. Data were obtained from the Mortality Information System, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and from the National Traffic Department. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were adjusted to assess the impact of DL-08 in each BFUs. RESULTS: After the implementation of the DL-08, there was a significant decrease in mortality from RTA in the state of Santa Catarina (pre DL-08 = 2.60 ± 0.30 and post DL-08 = 2.32 ± 0.35; p < 0.001) and in the Federal District (pre DL-08 = 2.22 ± 0.40 and post DL-08 = 1.76 ± 0.35; p = 0.002), a significant increase in mortality in the states of Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and Mato Grosso, and a stability in the other states. The sensitivity analysis conducted over a shorter time series with 24 months showed results similar to those obtained with the 168-month series for most of the 27 BFUs. CONCLUSION: The DL-08 had a heterogeneous impact on mortality from traffic accidents on BFUs.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o impacto da Lei 11.705, conhecida por "Lei Seca" (LS-08), sobre a mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito (AT) em cada uma das 27 unidades federativas (UF) do Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais interrompidas com dados de AT entre 2002 a 2015, totalizando 168 meses. Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e do Departamento Nacional de Trânsito. Foram ajustados modelos auto-regressivos integrados de médias móveis (ARIMA) para analisar o impacto da LS-08 em cada UF. RESULTADOS: Após a implantação da LS-08, a mortalidade por AT diminuiu significativamente no estado de Santa Catarina (pré-LS-08 = 2,60 ± 0,30 e pós-LS-08 = 2,32 ± 0,35; p < 0,001) e no Distrito Federal (pré-LS-08 = 2,22 ± 0,40 e pós-LS-08 = 1,76 ± 0,35; p = 0,002), aumentou significativamente nos estados do Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe e Mato Grosso e permaneceu estável nos demais. Análise de sensibilidade conduzida sob uma série temporal mais curta, com 24 meses, apresentou resultados semelhantes aos obtidos com a série de 168 meses para a maioria das 27 UF. CONCLUSÃO: A LS-08 exerceu impacto heterogêneo sobre a mortalidade por AT entre as UF.

Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil.

Studies estimate that gender-diverse persons represent 0.1 to 2% of populations investigated, but no such assessment was performed in Latin America. In a representative sample of Brazil's adult population (n = 6000), we investigated participants' sociodemographic characteristics and possible associations between these and current gender identity, categorized as cisgender, transgender or non-binary gender. We also investigated transgender individuals' distress associated with gender-related body characteristics. As main results, we found that transgender individuals represented 0.69% (CI95% = 0.48-0.90) of the sample, whereas non-binary persons were 1.19% (CI95% = 0.92-1.47). These percentages were not different among Brazil's 5 geographic regions. Preliminary analyses showed that transgender individuals were on average younger (32.8 ± 14.2 years, CI95% = 28.5-37.1), compared to cisgender (42.2 ± 15.9, CI95% = 42.5-42.8) and non-binary (42.1 ± 16.5 years, CI95% = 38.3-46.5) groups. Non-binary persons are less likely to be in a relationship compared to cisgender individuals (OR = 0.57, CI95% = 0.35-0.93). In the transgender group, 85% of transgender men and 50% of transgender women reported distress due to gender-related body characteristics. Our main findings draw attention that gender-diverse Brazilian individuals represent around 2% of the country's adult population (almost 3 million people), and are homogeneously located throughout the country, reiterating the urgency of public health policies for these individuals in the five Brazilian sub-regions.

Internato na pandemia Covid-19: a experiência de uma escola médica / Medical internship in the Covid-19 pandemic: the experience of a medical school

Resumo: Introdução: A pandemia da Covid-19 provocou milhares de mortes e levou a incontáveis mudanças na forma de organização de serviços de saúde e nas escolas de Medicina mundo afora. Relato de experiência: Este artigo relata a experiência da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), cujas aulas foram suspensas em função da pandemia. Discussão: Descrevem-se as motivações para a suspensão e os procedimentos para a retomada das aulas do internato, depois de 15 semanas da interrupção. Conclusão: Ressalta-se a importância das decisões coletivas, da comunicação empática, do acolhimento e cuidado com a saúde mental e da parceria com o Hospital das Clínicas na realização de rastreamento para a presença do vírus entre os estudantes. Por fim, destaca-se o aprendizado para o professor ao se defrontar, por um lado, com a impotência diante da morte e do desconhecido, e, por outro, com a potência do cuidado que pode ser oferecido em situação tão singular quanto uma pandemia.

Abstract: Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused thousands of deaths and led to countless changes in the way health services and medical schools are organized around the world. Experience report: This article reports on the experience of the Botucatu Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, located in the interior of the state of São Paulo, where classes were suspended due to the pandemic. Discussion: The reasons for the suspension of internship classes and the procedures for their resumption, after 15 weeks, are described. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of collective decisions, empathic communication, mental health care and attention and the partnership with the Hospital das Clínicas in performing track and trace for presence of the virus among the students. Finally, particular emphasis is given to the learning gained by teachers who found themselves feeling, on the one hand, powerless in the face of death and the unknown and, on the other, the strength of the care that can be offered in a situation as unique as the pandemic.

Mentoria durante pandemia: um ambiente de acolhimento, pertencimento e humanização para primeiranistas / Mentoring during the pandemic: a welcoming environment of belonging and humanization for first-year students

Resumo: Introdução: O Programa de Mentoria da FMB foi construído coletivamente durante os anos 2018-2019, com assessoria externa e amplo apoio institucional. O sofrimento psíquico dos alunos de graduação nas áreas da saúde, já descrito na literatura, intensificou-se com a pandemia da Covid-19, fortalecendo a necessidade do programa para os primeiranistas dos cursos de Enfermagem e Medicina. Relato de experiência: Foram realizadas oficinas para formação do grupo gestor do programa e do grupo de mentores. Em agosto de 2020, após divulgação entre representantes e conselhos, a Oficina de Sensibilização com os primeiranistas teve grande adesão. A construção de um ambiente virtual caloroso, leve e lúdico foi prioridade do grupo, assim os mentores foram apresentados aos alunos, e estes receberam o convite para ingresso ao programa. Os alunos declararam suas preferências por seus mentores em questionário que ficou aberto por duas semanas. Formaram-se grupos foram que se encontraram ao menos mensalmente, para que pudessem construir ambientes de acolhimento e afetividade, e discutir temas de interesse e escolha dos alunos. O grupo gestor se reúne com mentores bimestralmente, de modo a priorizar espaços de trocas e compartilhamento das vivências, dos desafios e das superações, e construir um ambiente colaborativo de aprendizado mútuo. Na Enfermagem, a adesão dos alunos foi de 100%, e na Medicina, de 85%. As avaliações dos alunos sobre o programa foram muito positivas. Discussão: O programa propiciou ambiente de diálogo sobre a saúde física e mental, gestão do tempo e atividades acadêmicas, como iniciação científica e extensão universitária. Mentores, mentorados, grupo gestor e instituição vivenciaram momentos de construção de vínculo afetivo e ambiente colaborativo. Conclusão: O programa conseguiu ter visibilidade entre alunos, professores e profissionais, e está conseguindo se firmar como estratégia para resgatar a afetividade e humanizar as relações na instituição, num momento de tantas inseguranças, sofrimentos e desafios.

Abstract: Introduction: The FMB Mentoring Program was built collectively between 2018/19, with external advisory and institutional support. Mental suffering among undergraduate students in the health area is well known, but became more intense with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, and programs like mentoring have been especially necessary for first-year students. Experience Report: Workshops were held to create the program steering group and mentoring team. In August 2021, once the program had been presented to representatives and boards, the Awareness Raising Workshop was conducted with high student participation. The group prioritized the construction of a warm, light-hearted and playful virtual environment, and the mentors were introduced to the students in this vein, who in turn received the invitation to join the program. The students named their preferred mentors in a questionnaire that remained available for two weeks. The groups were formed and met at least once a month in a welcoming and affectionate setting to discuss issues of interest to and chosen by the students. The steering group meets with the mentors every two months, focusing on spaces for exchange and sharing of experiences: challenges faced and overcome, and building a collaborative environment of mutual learning. In Nursing, 100% of the students joined the program, and in Medicine, 85%. The student assessments of the program were very positive. Discussion: The program provided an environment of dialogue in mental and physical health, time management, and academic activities such as scientific initiation and university extension. Mentors, mentees, the steering group and institutional coordinators experienced moments of caring, collaboration and affection. Conclusion: The mentoring program attained visibility among students, teachers and professionals and is becoming established as a strategy to retrieve the caring and humanistic aspects of relations in the institution at a time of such uncertainty, suffering and challenges.

Alcohol use and risk of vehicle accidents: cross-sectional study in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Harm to other people caused by an individual under the influence of alcohol (UIA) can occur in a variety of relationship situations between the drinker and these other people. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of the risk of vehicle accidents (RVA) involving people who are UIA, according to sociodemographic variables, respondent alcohol use and gender. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, in which a household survey was carried out on a cluster-stratified representative sample of urban residents in the city of São Paulo. METHODS: The final sample was composed of 1,155 subjects aged 18-59 years, who were interviewed using the GENACIS Harm-to-Others questionnaire. Individuals were defined as having been harmed if an affirmative response was given to at least one of the questions that refers to RVA involving people who had been UIA in the last twelve months. Post-stratification weights were calculated to adjust for the study design and for no response. Since the outcome was binary, logistic regression was used in multivariable analysis. RESULTS: The final response rate was 58.6%. The overall prevalence of RVA was 13.6% (95% confidence interval, CI 11.0-16.7): 16.6% among men and 10.8% among women. After the logistic regression, age remained as a protective factor (odds ratio, OR 0.95) and binge drinking as a risk factor (OR 2.03). CONCLUSION: This study showed that binge drinking was associated with RVA.

Spiritual coping and psychological symptoms as the end approaches: a closer look on ambulatory palliative care patients.

Palliative care providers must seek to improve quality of life despite their patients' life-threating diseases, based on the concept of total pain, which includes physical, psychological and spiritual pain. Understanding the relationship between spiritual coping and psychological symptoms (especially depressive symptoms) could help healthcare teams better address patients' needs. Across-sectional survey with aconvenient sample of ambulatory palliative care patients investigated their psychological pain through the Hospital Anxiety and Depressive (HAD) scale and their use of spirituality using the Brief Religious/spiritual coping (BriefRCOPE) scale. Alinear regression model, using the HADS-depression as outcome variable and the BriefRCOPE as the independent variable, adjusting for confounding variables, investigated the possible association between these variables. Due to methodological limitations, just 40 out 130 potential participants were assessed, with 40percent showing depressive symptoms. In regression model, depressive and anxiety symptoms were significantly associated with each other (p = 0.037 and 0.015, respectively) and negative religious/spiritual coping was associated with depressive symptoms (p = 0.033). This study found asignificant relationship between psychological pain and negative spiritual coping mechanisms. Palliative care professionals should be trained to address patients' total pain and spiritual needs, supporting their ability to cope with their suffering.

Ensinando a Anamnese Psiquiátrica para Estudantes de Medicina através da Inversão de Papéis: Relato de Experiência / Teaching Psychiatric Anamnesis to Medical Students through Role Reversal: Experience Report

RESUMO Introdução Tem havido um renovado interesse pela temática da relação médico-paciente e dos valores humanitários na formação dos estudantes de Medicina, pois a capacidade de sentir empatia pelos pacientes é considerada um dos pilares da boa prática médica. A inversão de papéis é uma técnica derivada do psicodrama que pode favorecer o desenvolvimento da capacidade empática na relação médico-paciente. Objetivo Relatar a experiência de ensino-aprendizagem da anamnese psiquiátrica no curso de Semiologia em Psiquiatria com alunos da terceira série do curso médico da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (Unesp), utilizando a inversão de papéis como principal método pedagógico. Método Relato de experiência. A atividade é desenvolvida em cinco etapas distintas, mas inter-relacionadas: (1) leitura e estudo autônomos da apostila de propedêutica psiquiátrica; (2) realização da anamnese em três grupos de 15 alunos, em que estes alternam o papel de médico (entrevistador) e paciente (entrevistado); (3) realização de uma anamnese completa com um colega de turma, alternando-se também o papel de paciente e de médico; (4) realização, pela mesma dupla, da anamnese psiquiátrica com um paciente internado no hospital geral universitário; (5) discussão das anamneses realizadas, atividade em que os alunos assumem o papel do paciente entrevistado para relatar, em primeira pessoa, os dados obtidos na entrevista. Resultados Os alunos mostram-se colaborativos, participando com interesse de todas as etapas da atividade, que parece favorecer não apenas o aprendizado específico da anamnese psiquiátrica, mas também a capacidade empática pelos colegas e pacientes. Nas discussões, atenção especial é dada às descobertas e dificuldades vivenciadas pelos estudantes nessas atividades práticas, assim como aos sentimentos experimentados em cada uma das etapas do processo. A atitude do preceptor de ouvir e acolher com respeito todos os relatos, dúvidas e manifestações afetivas dos alunos procura ser um modelo de postura de acolhimento sem julgamento dos problemas e sentimentos dos pacientes, postura fundamental para o estabelecimento da aliança terapêutica. Conclusão A inversão de papéis pode auxiliar os estudantes de Medicina no aprendizado da anamnese psiquiátrica, assim como no desenvolvimento da empatia, habilidade essencial à prática médica de boa qualidade.

ABSTRACT Introduction There has been renewed interest in the doctor-patient relationship and humanitarian values in the training of medical students, given that the ability to feel empathy for patients is considered one of the pillars of good medical practice. Role reversal is a technique derived from Psychodrama that can promote the development of empathic capacity in the doctor-patient relationship. Objective to report a teaching-learning experience of psychiatric anamnesis in the course of Semiology in Psychiatry with 3rd year students of Botucatu Medical School (UNESP), using the technique of role reversal as the main pedagogical approach. Method experience report. The activity has been developed in five distinct but interrelated stages: 1) autonomous reading and studying the psychiatric propaedeutic courseware; 2) performing the anamnesis in three groups of 15 students, in which they alternate between the roles of physician (interviewer) and patient (interviewed); 3) performing a complete anamnesis with a classmate, also alternating the roles of patient and physician; 4) the same pair of students performs the psychiatric anamnesis with an inpatient of the general university hospital; 5) discussion of the anamneses performed, an activity in which the students assume the role of the patient, reporting, in the first person, the data obtained in the interview. Results the students have been collaborative, participating with interest in all stages of the activity, which seems to favour not only the specific learning of psychiatric anamnesis, but also their empathic capacity towards colleagues and patients. In the discussions, special attention has been given to the discoveries and difficulties experienced by the students in these practical activities, and the feelings experienced in each stage of the process. The preceptors' attitude of respectfully listening to and accepting all the reports, doubts and affective manifestations of the students provides a model for an accepting and non-judgemental attitude toward patients' problems and feelings, which is fundamental for the development of the therapeutic alliance. Conclusion Role reversal can be used to help medical students develop their skills in psychiatric anamnesis, and their empathy, an essential skill for good quality medical practice.

Depressive symptoms among the elderly in São Paulo city, Brazil: prevalence and associated factors (SABE Study). / Sintomas depressivos em idosos do município de São Paulo, Brasil: prevalência e fatores associados (Estudo SABE).

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the elderly in São Paulo city, Brazil (SABE Study), in 2006 and to identify risk factors associated with the 2006 prevalence and protective factors among those who did not have depressive symptoms in the assessments conducted in 2000 and 2006. METHODS: In this cross-sectional and longitudinal study, the Geriatric Depression Scale was used for inclusion in the cohort in 2000 and also in 2006. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms in 2006 was 14.2% (95%CI 11.8 - 16.7), and 74.8% of the participants did not present depressive symptoms in 2000 neither in 2006. Logistic regression models were constructed, with different groups of variables (socio-demographic variables, status and perception of health and memory) adjusted for sex and age. In the final logistic regression model, the following factors were associated with depressive symptoms: self-assessment of vision, oral health, memory and of general health as poor, dependence for basic activities of daily living, and moderate or severe family dysfunction. Protective factors against presenting depressive symptoms in the 2000 and 2006 phases were: being male, absence of pulmonary disease and positive self-assessment of health. CONCLUSION: Depressive symptoms were frequent among the elderly, and were associated with health problems, dependence and family dysfunction. These factors should be addressed in health policy planning for the care of these elderly.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos em idosos do município de São Paulo, Brasil (Estudo SABE), em 2006 e identificar fatores de risco associados a essa prevalência em 2006 e fatores de proteção entre os idosos que não apresentaram sintomas depressivos nas avaliações realizadas em 2000 e 2006. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e longitudinal que utilizou a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica na inclusão da coorte em 2000 e em 2006. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sintomas depressivos em 2006 foi de 14,2% (IC95% 11,8 - 16,7) e 74,8% dos participantes não apresentaram sintomas depressivos em 2000 nem em 2006. Foram construídos modelos de regressão logística, tendo como exposição diferentes grupos de variáveis (sociodemográficas; condições e percepção de saúde e memória) ajustando-se para sexo e idade. No modelo final da regressão logística, associaram-se a sintomas depressivos: autoavaliação da visão, da saúde bucal, da memória e da saúde geral como ruins, dependência para atividades básicas de vida diária e disfunção familiar moderada ou grave. Os fatores de proteção para não ter apresentado sintomas depressivos nas fases de 2000 e 2006 foram: sexo masculino, não referir doença pulmonar e avaliar positivamente a saúde. CONCLUSÃO: Sintomas depressivos nos idosos estudados foram frequentes e se associaram com piores condições de saúde, dependência e disfunção familiar e tais fatores devem ser considerados no planejamento de políticas de saúde para prestação de cuidados a esses idosos.

[Leisure among university students in the healthcare area: a review of the literature]. / Lazer entre universitários da área da saúde: revisão de literatura.

This article set out to analyze studies on leisure activities among university students in the healthcare area. It conducted a search using the following key words: leisure and students, and their corresponding terms in Spanish and English in the Bireme database, which resulted in 32 articles at the end of the review. In the articles analyzed there was a predominance of the following leisure interests: sports, social, intellectual and artistic activities, with a greater number of articles presenting experiences in sports. It was also noted that the intake of alcohol in the leisure context is often mentioned by this population group. There was a predilection for physical exercised/sport during leisure time, compared to other leisure interests and little knowledge about any other possibilities for leisure. This article also discusses the need to develop strategies that promote leisure among these students, seeking to improve their quality of life. It is noteworthy that they are health professionals in the training phase and it is quite possible that their future orientations might be influenced by their personal practices.

Esse artigo objetiva analisar estudos sobre lazer entre universitários da área da saúde, a partir de revisão da literatura. Utilizou-se os descritores: lazer e estudantes, e seus respectivos termos em espanhol e inglês na base de dados Bireme, resultando no final da revisão em 32 artigos. Observou-se um predomínio dos seguintes interesses do lazer: desportivos, sociais, intelectuais e artísticos, com maior número de artigos apresentando vivências nos esportes. Notou-se também que a ingestão de álcool no âmbito do lazer é bastante mencionada por esta população. Há uma predileção por práticas corporais no tempo livre, em relação aos demais interesses no contexto do lazer, havendo pouco conhecimento sobre os diferentes conteúdos do lazer. Discute-se a necessidade de criar estratégias que incentivem o lazer entre os estudantes para melhorar a qualidade de vida. Ressalta-se que são profissionais da saúde em formação e é possível que suas orientações futuras sofram influência de suas práticas pessoais.

Lazer entre universitários da área da saúde: revisão de literatura / Leisure among university students in the healthcare area: a review of the literature

Resumo Esse artigo objetiva analisar estudos sobre lazer entre universitários da área da saúde, a partir de revisão da literatura. Utilizou-se os descritores: lazer e estudantes, e seus respectivos termos em espanhol e inglês na base de dados Bireme, resultando no final da revisão em 32 artigos. Observou-se um predomínio dos seguintes interesses do lazer: desportivos, sociais, intelectuais e artísticos, com maior número de artigos apresentando vivências nos esportes. Notou-se também que a ingestão de álcool no âmbito do lazer é bastante mencionada por esta população. Há uma predileção por práticas corporais no tempo livre, em relação aos demais interesses no contexto do lazer, havendo pouco conhecimento sobre os diferentes conteúdos do lazer. Discute-se a necessidade de criar estratégias que incentivem o lazer entre os estudantes para melhorar a qualidade de vida. Ressalta-se que são profissionais da saúde em formação e é possível que suas orientações futuras sofram influência de suas práticas pessoais.

Abstract This article set out to analyze studies on leisure activities among university students in the healthcare area. It conducted a search using the following key words: leisure and students, and their corresponding terms in Spanish and English in the Bireme database, which resulted in 32 articles at the end of the review. In the articles analyzed there was a predominance of the following leisure interests: sports, social, intellectual and artistic activities, with a greater number of articles presenting experiences in sports. It was also noted that the intake of alcohol in the leisure context is often mentioned by this population group. There was a predilection for physical exercised/sport during leisure time, compared to other leisure interests and little knowledge about any other possibilities for leisure. This article also discusses the need to develop strategies that promote leisure among these students, seeking to improve their quality of life. It is noteworthy that they are health professionals in the training phase and it is quite possible that their future orientations might be influenced by their personal practices.

Prevalence and correlates of common mental disorders among dental students in Brazil.

This study aimed to estimate prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) and associated factors among dental students. In this cross-sectional study, 230 students answered a questionnaire and instruments to assess CMD (Self Reporting Questionnaire-20), hazardous alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), social support (Social Support Scale), perceptions of academic life (Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure), coping (Ways of Coping Inventory) and resilience (Resilience Scale). Bivariate analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests. Logistic regression included all explanatory variableswith p<0.20 in the bivariate analysis, besides sex and academic year. The explanatory variables were analyzed in five successive blocks (backward-stepwise), until all variables presented statistical significance in the final model (p<0.05). The prevalence of CMD was 45.2% (95%CI: 38.7-51.6), with no significant differences between sexes. Students with no extracurricular activities, who had negatively self- assessed their health status and their academic performance, were about four times more likely to present CMD, followed by receiving psychological or psychiatric treatment during university (AOR: 2.65; 95%CI: 1.1-6.1) and those with high scores for confrontive coping (AOR: 1.20; 95%CI: 1.0-1.4). Resilience was a protective factor for CMD among dental students (AOR: 0.93; 95%CI: 0.9-1.0). Aspects related to academic performance, health status and confrontive coping strategies were risk factors to students' mental health. Individuals with high levels of resilience showed lower prevalence of CMD. Further prospective studies could contribute to understanding the role of resilience among this population.

Hazing and the Mental Health of Medical Students / O Trote e a Saúde Mental de Estudantes de Medicina

ABSTRACT Introduction: The practice of hazing is a phenomenon that began in the Middle Ages and persists in many universities around the world. In Brazil, although the problem is widely recognized, it has been insufficiently studied. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and to identify factors associated with the occurrence of hazing in a public Medical School, located in the interior of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 477 medical students from the first to the sixth year of the course. The self-reporting questionnaire included questions and structured instruments to access: socio-demographic and academic life characteristics, social support, symptoms of depression, harmful alcohol use (using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test — Audit), common mental disorder (using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire — SRQ) and if the participant had suffered any form of hazing that he/she considered abusive or if the participant had practiced hazing about which he/she felt guilty or regretful afterwards. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were conducted to identify factors independently associated with each of the outcomes (having suffered abusive hazing or having participated in hazing and feeling regretful afterwards). Results: The response rate was 87.0%. Among the students, 39.8% (95% Cl: 35.4% — 44.2%) reported having suffered abusive hazing, while 7.5% (95% CI: 5.2% — 9.9%) reported having practiced hazing of which they repented. Being subjected to abusive hazing was associated with: male gender, not being adapted to the city, presenting lower scores on the social support scale and psychiatric and/or psychological treatment after admission to university. Having practiced hazing, in turn, was associated with male gender, older age and higher score in the Audit. Conclusion: Hazing was associated with male gender, and with the pursuit of mental health treatment among those who received it and with harmful alcohol use among the perpetrators. It is essential that medical schools discuss and better understand the problem of hazing in order to adopt effective preventive measures.

RESUMO Introdução: A prática do trote é um fenômeno que teve início na Idade Média e ainda persiste em muitas universidades pelo mundo. No Brasil, embora seja um problema amplamente reconhecido, tem sido insuficientemente estudado. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e identificar fatores associados à ocorrência de trote numa faculdade de Medicina pública, localizada no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal do qual participaram 477 estudantes de Medicina do primeiro ao sexto ano do curso. O questionário autopreenchido continha questões e instrumentos estruturados que permitiram avaliar: características sociodemográficas e da vida acadêmica, apoio social, sintomas depressivos, uso problemático de álcool (por meio do Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test — Audit), transtorno mental comum (por meio do Self Reporting Questionnaire — SRQ) e se o participante sofreu trote que considerou abusivo ou se aplicou trote do qual se arrependeu posteriormente. Foi realizada análise bivariada e regressão logística para identificar fatores independentemente associados a cada um dos desfechos (ter sofrido trote que considerou abusivo ou ter aplicado trote do qual se arrependeu posteriormente). Resultados: A taxa de resposta foi de 87,0%. Relataram ter sofrido trote abusivo 39,8% (IC95% 35,4% — 44,2%) dos estudantes, enquanto afirmaram ter aplicado trote do qual se arrependeram 7,5% (IC95% 5,2% — 9,9%) deles. Ter sofrido trote abusivo associou-se a: sexo masculino, não estar adaptado à cidade, apresentar menor escore na escala de apoio social e ter feito ou estar fazendo tratamento psiquiátrico e/ou psicológico após o ingresso na universidade. Ter aplicado trote, por sua vez, também se associou a sexo masculino, assim como a maior idade e maior pontuação no Audit. Conclusão: Trote associou-se a sexo masculino e à procura por tratamento de saúde mental entre os que o receberam e a uso problemático de álcool entre os que o praticaram. É fundamental que as instituições debatam e compreendam melhor o problema do trote, a fim de adotar medidas efetivas para que este seja prevenido.

Sintomas depressivos em idosos do município de São Paulo, Brasil: prevalência e fatores associados (Estudo SABE) / Depressive symptoms among the elderly in São Paulo city, Brazil: prevalence and associated factors (SABE Study)

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos em idosos do município de São Paulo, Brasil (Estudo SABE), em 2006 e identificar fatores de risco associados a essa prevalência em 2006 e fatores de proteção entre os idosos que não apresentaram sintomas depressivos nas avaliações realizadas em 2000 e 2006. Métodos: Estudo transversal e longitudinal que utilizou a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica na inclusão da coorte em 2000 e em 2006. Resultados: A prevalência de sintomas depressivos em 2006 foi de 14,2% (IC95% 11,8 - 16,7) e 74,8% dos participantes não apresentaram sintomas depressivos em 2000 nem em 2006. Foram construídos modelos de regressão logística, tendo como exposição diferentes grupos de variáveis (sociodemográficas; condições e percepção de saúde e memória) ajustando-se para sexo e idade. No modelo final da regressão logística, associaram-se a sintomas depressivos: autoavaliação da visão, da saúde bucal, da memória e da saúde geral como ruins, dependência para atividades básicas de vida diária e disfunção familiar moderada ou grave. Os fatores de proteção para não ter apresentado sintomas depressivos nas fases de 2000 e 2006 foram: sexo masculino, não referir doença pulmonar e avaliar positivamente a saúde. Conclusão: Sintomas depressivos nos idosos estudados foram frequentes e se associaram com piores condições de saúde, dependência e disfunção familiar e tais fatores devem ser considerados no planejamento de políticas de saúde para prestação de cuidados a esses idosos.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the elderly in São Paulo city, Brazil (SABE Study), in 2006 and to identify risk factors associated with the 2006 prevalence and protective factors among those who did not have depressive symptoms in the assessments conducted in 2000 and 2006. Methods: In this cross-sectional and longitudinal study, the Geriatric Depression Scale was used for inclusion in the cohort in 2000 and also in 2006. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms in 2006 was 14.2% (95%CI 11.8 - 16.7), and 74.8% of the participants did not present depressive symptoms in 2000 neither in 2006. Logistic regression models were constructed, with different groups of variables (socio-demographic variables, status and perception of health and memory) adjusted for sex and age. In the final logistic regression model, the following factors were associated with depressive symptoms: self-assessment of vision, oral health, memory and of general health as poor, dependence for basic activities of daily living, and moderate or severe family dysfunction. Protective factors against presenting depressive symptoms in the 2000 and 2006 phases were: being male, absence of pulmonary disease and positive self-assessment of health. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms were frequent among the elderly, and were associated with health problems, dependence and family dysfunction. These factors should be addressed in health policy planning for the care of these elderly.

O Trote e a Saúde Mental de Estudantes de Medicina / Hazing and the Mental Health of Medical Students

RESUMO Introdução A prática do trote é um fenômeno que teve início na Idade Média e ainda persiste em muitas universidades pelo mundo. No Brasil, embora seja um problema amplamente reconhecido, tem sido insuficientemente estudado. Objetivo Estimar a prevalência e identificar fatores associados à ocorrência de trote numa faculdade de Medicina pública, localizada no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Método Foi realizado um estudo transversal do qual participaram 477 estudantes de Medicina do primeiro ao sexto ano do curso. O questionário autopreenchido continha questões e instrumentos estruturados que permitiram avaliar: características sociodemográficas e da vida acadêmica, apoio social, sintomas depressivos, uso problemático de álcool (por meio do Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test - Audit), transtorno mental comum (por meio do Self Reporting Questionnaire - SRQ) e se o participante sofreu trote que considerou abusivo ou se aplicou trote do qual se arrependeu posteriormente. Foi realizada análise bivariada e regressão logística para identificar fatores independentemente associados a cada um dos desfechos (ter sofrido trote que considerou abusivo ou ter aplicado trote do qual se arrependeu posteriormente). Resultados A taxa de resposta foi de 87,0%. Relataram ter sofrido trote abusivo 39,8% (IC95% 35,4% - 44,2%) dos estudantes, enquanto afirmaram ter aplicado trote do qual se arrependeram 7,5% (IC95% 5,2% - 9,9%) deles. Ter sofrido trote abusivo associou-se a: sexo masculino, não estar adaptado à cidade, apresentar menor escore na escala de apoio social e ter feito ou estar fazendo tratamento psiquiátrico e/ou psicológico após o ingresso na universidade. Ter aplicado trote, por sua vez, também se associou a sexo masculino, assim como a maior idade e maior pontuação no Audit. Conclusão Trote associou-se a sexo masculino e à procura por tratamento de saúde mental entre os que o receberam e a uso problemático de álcool entre os que o praticaram. É fundamental que as instituições debatam e compreendam melhor o problema do trote, a fim de adotar medidas efetivas para que este seja prevenido.

ABSTRACT Introduction The practice of hazing is a phenomenon that began in the middle ages and persists in many universities around the world. In Brazil, although the problem is widely recognized, it has been insufficiently studied. Objective To estimate the prevalence of hazing among medical students of a public university in São Paulo state - Brazil, and investigate factors associated with this problem. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 477 medical students from the first to the sixth year of the course. The self-reporting questionnaire included questions and structured instruments to access: socio-demographic characteristics, aspects of academic life, social support, symptoms of depression, harmful alcohol use (using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test - AUDIT), common mental disorder (using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire - SRQ), whether the participant had suffered any form of hazing that he/she considered abusive or whether the participant had practiced hazing about which he/she felt guilty or regretful afterwards. Bivariate analyses were conducted, followed by logistic regression analyses to identify independent predictors of these two outcomes (having suffered abusive hazing or having participated in hazing and feeling regretful afterwards). Results The response rate was 87.0%. Among the participants, 39.8% (95% CI: 35.4% - 44.2%) reported having suffered abusive hazing and 7.5% (95% CI: 5.2% - 9.9%) reported having practiced hazing. Those who reported having suffered abusive hazing were more likely to be male, to report difficulties in adaptation to the city, lower social support and psychiatric and/or psychological treatment after entering university. Those who practiced hazing and felt regretful afterwards were also more likely to be male, were older and presented higher mean scores in the AUDIT. Conclusion Hazing was associated with the male sex and mental health treatment among the victims, and with harmful alcohol use among the perpetrators. It is essential that medical schools discuss and better understand the problem of hazing in order to adopt effective preventive measures.

Validity of alcohol screening instruments in general population gender studies: an analytical review.

The present study is an analytical review of the methodology used in studies of efficacy of screening instruments to detect harmful use/ alcohol dependence according to the gender in population surveys. Systematic review of bibliography was done, using data from Web of Science, Pubmed and PsycInfo. Population studies were included without date range, in English, Spanish or Portuguese languages, with sample of adults, evaluating psychometric characteristics of any alcohol screening instrument, whereas studies in special population or under treatment as well as prevalence of alcohol consumption were excluded. Thirteen studies were selected to be included in the present review. According to the studies, the instruments that presented a better performance among men were AUDIT and its derivatives (6 studies) and CAGE (2 studies), whereas among women, AUDIT and its derivatives (7 studies), followed by CAGE (3 studies). The increase of consumption and problems related to alcohol use and its implications for public health indicate the need and urgency for adequacy of screening instruments to differences of gender in general population. The population surveys in the area are scarce. Furthermore, the found studies present heterogeneous methodology which makes accurate comparisons difficult.

Social support and common mental disorder among medical students.

INTRODUCTION: Different kinds of psychological distress have been identified for students in the health field, especially in the medical school. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of mental suffering among medical students in the Southeastern Brazil and asses its association with social support. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study. Structured questionnaires were applied for students from the 1st up to the 6th years of the medical school of Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", assessing demographic variables related to aspects of graduation and adaptation to the city. Psychological suffering was defined as a common mental disorder (CMD) assessed by the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Social support was assessed by the social support scale of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS). The association between the outcome and explanatory variables was assessed by the χ2 test and Logistic Regression, for the multivariate analyses, using p < 0.05. RESULTS: The response rate was of 80.7%, with no differences between sample and the population regarding gender (p = 0.78). The average age was 22 years old (standard deviation - SD = 2.2), mainly women (58.2%) and students who were living with friends (62%). The prevalence of CMD was 44.9% (95%CI 40.2 - 49.6). After the multivariate analyses, the explanatory variables that were associated with CMD were: feeling rejected in the past year (p < 0.001), thinking about leaving medical school (p < 0.001) and "interaction" in the MOS scale (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CMD among medical students was high and insufficient social support was an important risk factor. Our findings suggest that interventions to improve social interaction among those students could be beneficial, decreasing the prevalence of CMD in this group.

Social support and common mental disorder among medical students / Apoio social e transtorno mental comum entre estudantes de Medicina

INTRODUCTION: Different kinds of psychological distress have been identified for students in the health field, especially in the medical school. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of mental suffering among medical students in the Southeastern Brazil and asses its association with social support. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study. Structured questionnaires were applied for students from the 1st up to the 6th years of the medical school of Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", assessing demographic variables related to aspects of graduation and adaptation to the city. Psychological suffering was defined as a common mental disorder (CMD) assessed by the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Social support was assessed by the social support scale of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS). The association between the outcome and explanatory variables was assessed by the χ2 test and Logistic Regression, for the multivariate analyses, using p < 0.05. RESULTS: The response rate was of 80.7%, with no differences between sample and the population regarding gender (p = 0.78). The average age was 22 years old (standard deviation - SD = 2.2), mainly women (58.2%) and students who were living with friends (62%). The prevalence of CMD was 44.9% (95%CI 40.2 - 49.6). After the multivariate analyses, the explanatory variables that were associated with CMD were: feeling rejected in the past year (p < 0.001), thinking about leaving medical school (p < 0.001) and "interaction" in the MOS scale (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CMD among medical students was high and insufficient social support was an important risk factor. Our findings suggest that interventions to improve social interaction among those students could be beneficial, decreasing the prevalence of CMD in this group. .

INTRODUÇÃO: Diferentes formas de sofrimento psíquico têm sido identificadas em estudantes da área da saúde, em especial no curso de Medicina. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de sofrimento psíquico entre estudantes de Medicina em uma faculdade no Sudeste do Brasil e avaliar sua associação com apoio social. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo transversal. Foram aplicados questionários para alunos do 1º ao 6º ano do curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", investigando-se características demográficas relacionadas ao curso e à adaptação à cidade. Sofrimento psíquico foi investigado na forma de Transtorno Mental Comum (TMC), avaliado por meio do Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Apoio social foi avaliado com a Escala de Apoio Social (EAS). As associações entre o desfecho e as variáveis explanatórias foram analisadas por meio do teste do χ2 e, na análise multivariada, por meio da Regressão Logística, com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A taxa de resposta foi de 80,7%, não havendo diferença estatística entre a mostra e a população-alvo no que diz respeito ao gênero (p = 0,78). A média de idade foi de 22 anos (desvio padrão - DP = 2,2) com predomínio de mulheres (58,2%) e estudantes que vivem com amigos (62%). A prevalência de TMC foi de 44,9% (IC95% 40,2 - 49,6). Após a análise multivariada, mantiveram-se associados a TMC: sentir-se rejeitado no último ano (p < 0,001), ter pensado ou pensar em abandonar o curso (p < 0,001) e "interação", avaliada pela EAS (p = 0,002). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de TMC entre estudantes de Medicina mostrou-se elevada, identificando-se o apoio social insuficiente como fator de risco. Esses achados sugerem que intervenções ...